Impact of Early Termination of Lockdown and Maintaining Social Distancing: COVID-19

A novel corona-virus named COVID-19 has spread rapidly and has caused a global outbreak of respiratory illness. It has been confirmed that the bats are the source host of SARS, and camels act as a source for MERS. However, the source host of the COVID-19 remains unknown. All three kinds of pneumonia show human-to-human transmissions. Among which, COVID-19 shows a longer incubation period. The routes for the human to human transmission are common, respiratory droplets, contact, and aerosol. In which, the new form is Aerosol transmission. In which, integration of the air with droplets will occur during transmission that leads to the formation of Droplet Nucleus. It can lead to infection after inhalation. Because of this, the virus has already spread to South Korea, Japan, Iran, Italy, and other countries. The objective of this chapter is to address the impact and list the suggestion to handle COVID-19 safely. The methodology followed in drafting this chapter is to provide answers to the following questions: Q1: The clinical manifestation of COVID-19? Q2: How to prevent the transmission of this disease and protect themselves? Q3: The outcome of COVID-19 pneumonia. Q4: How to diagnose COVID-19? Q5: The effects of COVID-19 pneumonia on pregnancy: Q6: Coronavirus pneumonia in children. Q7: The response strategies against the COVID-19 in China. Q8: Therapeutic Strategy for COVID-19. Q9: Consequences of COVID-19 in Human Daily Life. Q10: How to deal with the novel Coronavirus disease calmly? Q11: The COVID-19 prevention among students. Q12: Plan to return to the campus. Q13: Home-based self-care in climacteric women Q14: Strategies to climacteric women's psychological problems during COVID-19 pandemic. The outcome of the present research is to provide suggestions to the humankind towards handling the epidemic safely. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

Securing health care data through blockchain enabled collaborative machine learning.

Transferring of data in machine learning from one party to another party is one of the issues that has been in existence since the development of technology. Health care data collection using machine learning techniques can lead to privacy issues which cause disturbances among the parties and reduces the possibility to work with either of the parties. Since centralized way of information transfer between two parties can be limited and risky as they are connected using machine learning, this factor motivated us to use the decentralized way where there is no connection but model transfer between both parties will be in process through a federated way. The purpose of this research is to investigate a model transfer between a user and the client(s) in an organization using federated learning techniques and reward the client(s) for their efforts with tokens accordingly using blockchain technology. In this research, the user shares a model to organizations that are willing to volunteer their service to provide help to the user. The model is trained and transferred among the user and the clients in the organizations in a privacy preserving way. In this research, we found that the process of model transfer between user and the volunteered organizations works completely fine with the help of federated learning techniques and the client(s) is/are rewarded with tokens for their efforts. We used the COVID-19 dataset to test the federation process, which yielded individual results of 88% for contributor a, 85% for contributor b, and 74% for contributor c. When using the FedAvg algorithm, we were able to achieve a total accuracy of 82%.

Securing Health Care Data through Blockchain enabled Collaborative Machine Learning (preprint)

Transferring of data in machine learning from one party to another party is one of the issues that has been in existence since the development of technology. Health care data collection using machine learning techniques can lead to privacy issues which cause disturbances among the parties and reduces the possibility to work with either of the parties. Since centralized way of information transfer between two parties can be limited and risky as they are connected using machine learning, this factor motivated us to use the decentralized way where there is no connection but model transfer between both parties will be in process through a federated way. The purpose of this research is to investigate a model transfer between a user and the client(s) in an organization using federated learning techniques and reward the client(s) for their efforts with tokens accordingly using blockchain technology. In this research the user shares a model to organizations that are willing to volunteer their service to provide help to the user. The model is trained and transferred among the user and the clients in the organizations in a privacy preserving way. In this research we found that the process of model transfer between user and the volunteered organizations works completely fine with the help of federated learning techniques and the client(s) is/are rewarded with tokens for their efforts. We used the Covid 19 dataset to test the federation process, which yielded individual results of 88 percent for contributor a, 85 percent for contributor b, and 74 percent for contributor c. When using the FedAvg algorithm, we were able to achieve a total accuracy of 82 percent.

A Study on Online Teaching-Learning Process During Pandemic

During the pandemic COVID-19 has been continuing to spread rapidly, and its impact and savage forced the governments all around the globe to shut down schools, colleges, and universities for an indefinite period. This prolonged situation has become a significant problem for the global educational community, and millions of students are detached temporarily from their institutes. Almost in every victim country, governments launched online platforms to sustain the educational industry. As a result, the educational system is changing with the distinctive emergence of online teaching and learning processes. The present chapter raises, discusses, and presents potential solutions to different affairs of the online teaching and learning process and presents a comparative analysis of Internet-based educational/teaching platforms being employed by educational practitioners all around the world during the global COVID-19 crises. It also analyzes a brief survey on Indian teachers about their experiences, expectations, and suggestions on online teaching and learning practices.

Smart Automatic Cooling System with Reduced Humidity Effect for Pet House During COVID-19 Crisis

COVID-19 is a pandemic crisis that affects not only human lifestyle but also pet. The crisis halts pets’ social activities and they need to stay at home. Some owners prefer to keep their pets in separate pet enclosure/house due to health issue. The pet enclosure should be comfortable as the pets need to stay inside for quite a long time. Besides that, living in middle of the city in Malaysia makes it difficult for people to get a good level of humidity for pets. Thus, this research aims to design and develop an automatic cooling system with reduced humidity effect that can give comfort to the pets for staying many hours inside the pet house. The system relies on Internet of Things (IoT), where the data analysis of the temperature and humidity of pet houses can be done by the users. Particularly, thermoelectric peltier for cooling system, Arduino Uno and NodeMCU ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module are used here. The proposed solution helps to ensure the desired comfort of a pet house, where pet owners can easily and efficiently monitor the temperature and humidity. The system is simple, but it still can help maintaining the health and wellbeing of the pets by reducing the surrounding temperature to 290C and humidity to 70%. © 2022. ASM Science Journal. All Rights Reserved.

Perspectives on the Technological Aspects and Biomedical Applications of Virus-Like Particles/Nanoparticles in Reproductive Biology: Insights on the Medicinal and Toxicological Outlook

Increasing data on the infection indicate that maternal infections are severe. Under the realms of vaccine development, virus-like particles (VLP)/nanoparticles (NPs) hold the promise of targeted control of therapeutics transfer across the placental barrier with the potential to trigger innate immune responses. Though the placenta is known to act as a barrier against exogenous materials, viruses exploit the transport systems and overcome the barrier properties. VLPs can be strategically designed to obtain the necessary mechanisms for navigation across the placenta and immune response. However, several knowledge gaps on the chemical, viral transmission strategies and the host defense response exist owing to the highly dynamic etiology of the placental barrier. This further complicates the toxicological analysis of the developed therapeutics. Herein, placental physiology and functions are discussed in significance with chemical toxicology, viral infections, and the host defense. Further, the promising applications of VLPs and perspective on their design to overcome the placental gatekeeper to gain the necessary immune response or therapy are provided. Finally, a holistic approach to various bioengineering models for studying chemical toxicants, viral infections, and effects of VLPs is provided to facilitate better translation of these VLPs to clinical applications.

Safety of hydroxychloroquine in healthcare workers for COVID-19 prophylaxis.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), reported to inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication in in vitro studies, has been recommended for prophylaxis of COVID-19 in healthcare workers (HCWs). The objective of this study was to assess short-term adverse events (AEs) of HCQ in HCWs. METHODS: This cross-sectional study among consenting HCWs taking prophylaxis and working in hospitals with COVID-19 patients used online forms to collect details of HCWs, comorbidities, prophylactic drugs used and AEs after the first dose of HCQ. Verification of dose and AEs was done by personal contact. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to determine the effect of age, gender and dose of HCQ on AE. RESULTS: Of the 1303 HCWs included, 98.4 per cent (n=1282) took HCQ and 66 per cent (n=861) took 800 mg as first day's dose. Among the 19.9 per cent (n=259) reporting AEs, 1.5 per cent (n=20) took treatment for AE, none were hospitalized and three discontinued HCQ. Gastrointestinal AEs were the most common (172, 13.2%), with less in older [odds ratio (OR) 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35-0.89], with more in females (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.78-3.38) and in those taking a total dose of 800 mg on day one compared to a lower dose. Hypoglycaemia (1.1%, n=14), cardiovascular events (0.7%, n=9) and other AEs were minimal. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: HCQ prophylaxis first dose was well tolerated among HCWs as evidenced by a low discontinuation. For adverse effects, a small number required treatment, and none required hospitalization. The study had limitations of convenience sampling and lack of laboratory and electrocardiography confirmation of AEs.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in India

Covids are a gathering of infections having a place with the group of Coronaviridae, which taint the two creatures and people. Human Covids can cause mellow malady like a typical cold, while others cause more extreme sickness, (for example, “MERS-Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and SARS – Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome”). Another Covid that already has not been distinguished in folks developed in Wuhan, China in December 2019. This Paper targets on symptoms of COVID 19, how it spreads, and clinical pathology of Covid-19 and also extracted different data from various research reports, WHO guidelines and other articles. It is imperative to alert the perusers that new information refreshing virtually consistently with respect to clinical qualities, finding, treatment techniques, and results COVID-19. © 2021, Advanced Scientific Research. All rights reserved.

Reflections on COVID-19 in India: A survey

The corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic continues to challenge the way the world has viewed and managed public health, everyday bringing new solutions and challenges. The pandemic has led to what is a “first” for civilization – a simultaneous lock-down of nearly 3 billion people across the world. India was coasting along with relatively fewer cases until the end of March, but is staring at a health, economic and humanitarian disaster if the situation gets worse. In this paper, we are presenting the survey in the following area namely: “Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) Action Plan Guidance for COVID-19, lock-ups & lock-downs-reflections on Indian prison system during covid-19, three different reflections on this situation, state-wise covid-19 tracker” and finally concluded the paper.